第 11 街桥公园
下载所需积分: 2
☉ 11街桥公园 是OMA为“跨越河流与地区交通部”设计的获奖提案，设计于2014年。该项目位于美国华盛顿特区的河滨环境中，规模较大，建筑面积为11,120平方米。主要材料为混凝土和植物。Luxigon作为视觉化合作伙伴参与了该项目。项目探讨了连接、悬臂、自然再生和观景点等概念。
华盛顿特区的11街桥公园让我们面对一系列根深蒂固的城市分裂——收入和投资的不平等，这些不平等往往与种族相关，并受到地理的强化。华盛顿特区的规划围绕着波托马克河和阿纳科斯蒂亚河的交汇而展开。虽然更为人知的波托马克河定义了城市的西南边界，但阿纳科斯蒂亚河穿过城市，将其东南区与其他区域隔开。阿纳科斯蒂亚河西岸由皮埃尔·查尔斯·伦方的经典规划定义，交错的对角大道的交汇点——称为“保留地”——标志着市政建筑和公共空间的位置。东岸的组织则不那么正式，地形起伏，街道网格被破碎，河岸与工业化的西岸相比显得田园诗般。西岸主导着华盛顿特区作为国家首都的实际和象征角色，而主要由非裔美国人居住的东岸则是本地居民最多的社区。如今，西岸是高收入地区，而东岸则是该区收入水平最低的地区。在过去的十五年中，西岸的后工业国会河滨已成为一个繁荣的混合用途区域，而东岸则长期被排除在城市经济进步之外。11街桥公园的构想是利用废弃的基础设施——一组来自现已废弃的车辆桥的桥墩——在东西岸之间创造一个行人连接。正如其名称所示，公园既是跨越河流的通道，也是其上的聚集地。这个看似不可能的提案促成了我们与景观建筑师OLIN共同参与的设计竞赛，时间是在2014年春季。
我们的设计思路并不是创造一个单一的象征性连接，而是形成一个多层次的空间，通过两条路径的字面延伸跨越河流。这两条轨迹相互穿过，形成一个交汇的聚集空间。最终形成的“X”形状是一个标志性的相遇点，一个交叉口，像伦方的保留地一样，标志着城市中的共享公共空间。X形状提供了许多实际的好处。其上层甲板将访客抬高至河面之上，提供了一个可以定位自己并眺望华盛顿特区的纪念碑和阿纳科斯蒂亚的山丘的视角。在上层和下层甲板重叠的地方，它们之间的间隙为桥的结构提供了深度。这些甲板还提供了覆盖区域，结合OLIN精心设计的景观，提供了一个连续的阴凉通道，缓解华盛顿特区著名的潮湿夏季。确保桥公园的投资惠及河东岸的最直接方式是简单地在该侧加宽桥梁，允许集中设置更多的项目和空间。环境教育中心、咖啡馆和游乐区位于更宽的东侧，而西侧则设有表演空间和吊床林。桥的分层设计也使我们能够缓和其可能成为某些当代公园那样过于固定的特定项目的潜力。
虽然我们可以为像下层甲板上的咖啡馆这样的吸引点提供专用空间，但在其上方，我们可以分配更多随意和开放的区域，如步道和草坪。竞赛结束后不久，我们开始看到我们的效果图被安阿科斯蒂亚的房地产代理商使用。我们认为的无可争议的好处显然可能带来更阴险、不可预见的影响。2014年赢得竞赛后，我们终于在2021年进入了设计的最后阶段。这七年的间隔为我们的客户“由斯科特·克拉茨领导的“跨越河流”组织” 提供了构思和资助公平发展计划的空间。该计划的目标是确保公园成为包容性发展的推动力。从教育居民关于租户权利和促进房屋拥有权，到投资于黑人艺术家和企业，这些努力帮助将桥公园的项目扩展到其物理界限之外——甚至在它尚未建成之前。
☉ 11th Street Bridge Park is a winning proposal by OMA for Building Bridges Across the River and District Department of Transportation designed in 2014. It is located in Washington DC United States in a riverside setting. Its scale is large with a surface of 11.120 sqm. Key materials are concrete and vegetal. Luxigon collaborated as visualizer. Concepts such as connection cantilever renaturalization and viewpoint are explored.
The 11th Street Bridge Park in Washington, D.C., confronted us with a set of entrenched divisions that dominate many cities—disparities of income and investment that all too often align with race and are reinforced by geography. D.C. was planned around the confluence of two rivers, the Potomac and the Anacostia. While the more recognized Potomac defines its organic southwestern edge with Virginia, the Anacostia cuts through the city, dividing its southeastern quadrant from the rest. The west side of the Anacostia River is defined by Pierre Charles L’Enfant’s classical plan, crisscrossed with diagonal avenues whose intersections—called Reservations—mark the locations of civic buildings and public spaces. The east side is less formally organized, with a terrain of hills that fragment its street grid and a riverfront that is bucolic in comparison to the industrialized western bank. The west is dominated by D.C.’s practical and symbolic role as the nation’s capital, while the largely African-American east side is home to more native D.C. residents than any other neighborhood. Today, the west is high income while the east has the lowest income levels in the district. Over the last fifteen years, the post-industrial Capitol Riverfront along the west bank has become a thriving mixed-use area, while the east side has long been excluded from the city’s economic progress. The idea behind the 11th Street Bridge Park was to utilize abandoned infrastructure—a set of piers from a now-defunct vehicular bridge—to create a pedestrian link between east and west. As its name implies, the park would be at once a thoroughfare across the river and a gathering place over it. This improbable proposal led to a design competition we entered together with landscape architects OLIN in the spring of 2014.
Our approach was not to create a singular and symbolic connector, but rather a multilayered place formed by the literal extension of two paths over the river. The two trajectories extend through and past each other, creating a gathering space where they intersect. The resulting form—an X—is an iconic encounter, an intersection that, like L’Enfant’s Reservations, marks a shared civic space in the city. The X shape provides a number of practical benefits. Its upper decks lift visitors high above the river, providing a vantage point from which they can orient themselves and look out to both the monuments of D.C. and the hills of Anacostia. Where the upper and lower decks overlap, the gaps between them provide depth for the bridge’s structure. The decks also provide covered zones that, together with OLIN’s carefully orchestrated landscape, offer a continuous shaded path—a relief from D.C.’s famously swampy summers. The most straightforward way to ensure that the investment in the Bridge Park would benefit the east side of the river was to simply make the bridge wider on that side, allowing for a concentration of programs and space. An Environmental Education Center, cafe, and playspace are located on this wider east side, with a performance space and a hammock grove on the west. The layering of the bridge also allows us to temper the potential for it to be—like some contemporary parks—too fixed with specific programs.
While we can provide dedicated spaces for attractors like the cafe on the lower decks, above them we can allocate spaces for more casual and open-ended areas, such as a walkway and a lawn. Almost immediately after the competition, we began to see our renderings used by real estate agents in Anacostia. What we saw as an unquestioned benefit could clearly have more sinister, unforeseen impacts. Having won the competition in 2014, we finally entered the final phases of design in 2021. That seven-year lag has provided space for our client (Building Bridges Across the River led by Scott Kratz), to conceive and fund an equitable development plan. The goal of the plan is to ensure that the park will be a driver of inclusive development. From educating residents about tenants’ rights and facilitating homeownership to investing in Black artists and businesses, these efforts have helped extend the project of the Bridge Park far beyond its physical limits—even before it exists.