Palicourea House
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Palicourea House位于阿尔托帕莱索德戈亚斯市的圣乔治村的一个农村地区，直接坐落在圣米格尔河谷前的小山上，靠近查帕达多斯韦阿德罗斯国家公园的边界，位于巴西第二大生物群系塞拉多内。塞拉多是世界上生物多样性最丰富的热带稀树草原，占地超过772,000平方英里，几乎占巴西的四分之一。Palicourea House由两栋建筑组成：一栋住宅和一个小工作室。家庭成员之一是一位景观设计师，她主要从事塞拉多地区本地物种的保护和恢复工作。工作室将成为她的办公室，并举办艺术和教育活动。这个项目也是在考虑环境特性、背景和可持续共存可能性的情况下，探索一种在该地区居住的方式。
每栋建筑位于山的两侧，彼此间隔120米，并且根据现有地形安装在不同的高度上，略微悬空以防止小型野生动物进入，减少土地移动，并尽可能保护现有的树木和草本植物。一个系统的楼梯和坡道连接住宅的内部和外部水平。在工作室中，连接内部和外部水平的楼梯被改造成一个露天演出的看台和露天电影院。
两栋建筑的结构系统由两个独立建造的部分组成：外露的混凝土结构和实心砖墙“核心”，以及胶合层压木材 “Glulam” 屋顶。目的是结合当地的劳动力和传统建筑材料，与由再造林木材制成的轻型大结构相结合，后者在远处预制并在现场组装。混凝土和砖的核心遵循一个结构网格，允许内部尺寸的变化，以自由分配功能，并将一些固定家具添加到其结构中 “如书架、工作室的看台和橱柜以及厨房、外部炉灶和住宅中的长凳”。另一方面，木制屋顶遵循一个规则的结构模式。每栋建筑的两个部分在结构上是独立的，因此不需要获得高精度的完美“契合”。这使得可以在两个平行的工作面上释放施工工作。
两栋建筑中的卧室、家庭办公室和浴室区域被视为“延伸的居住区”，并覆盖有实心混凝土板，这些板在它们与木制屋顶之间形成一个“空气床垫”。这个空旷区域也是一个开放且自然通风的空间，为其下方的内部空间提供更大的热舒适性，并为顶部的大多数安装和设备提供分配空间，并易于访问。与卧室和相邻区域不同，住宅的起居室和工作室休息室等社交生活空间配备有大面积的玻璃窗、滑动窗框、防虫网和木制滑动百叶窗，允许持续的自然通风和光线。因此，这些空间也是建筑物中唯一的内部房间，屋顶和核心通过大面积固定玻璃面板相互接触。在这些点上，木制屋顶也是室内环境的屋顶。
两栋建筑配备有光伏能源系统：它是一个混合“E.S.S.”系统，意味着它作为一个“离网”系统工作，同时也连接到供电网络。这样，当电池充满电并且使用负载得到供应时，它会将多余的能源“返回”到网络。
建筑的屋顶具有单一的坡度，遵循每侧山坡的总体地形。它们被排水沟线打断以收集雨水。这些水经过过滤后存储在地块最低点的小型水箱中，由光伏能源驱动的泵定期泵送到位于地块最高点的中央储水池，储水能力为40,000升雨水。塞拉多一年中只有两个主要季节，湿季和旱季。因此，使用雨水的目的是在全年内尽量减少使用公共系统的水，特别是在旱季。来自卫生间和厨房水槽的污水在通过地下生态井处理和净化后进入土壤渗透池。
由于胶合层压木材屋顶没有直接接触到混凝土和砖石核心，因此必须独立保证木结构的稳定性。因此，屋顶支撑在“三角形基座”上，这些基座在两个方向上促进了结构的稳定性。每个三角形基础块中，柱子及其拉杆被锚定，并接收来自排水沟的雨水。这些块具有不同的嵌入水平，以适应工作室和住宅建造所在的地形自然延伸。因此，这两栋建筑的16根木柱 “住宅10根柱子，工作室6根柱子” 都具有不同的长度。
The Palicourea House is located in a rural area in the village of São Jorge, municipality of Alto Paraíso de Goiás, directly on a small hill in front of São Miguel river valley, close to the limits of Chapada dos Veadeiros National Park, inserted in the country’s second-largest biome, the Cerrado, which covers more than 772,000 square miles, nearly a quarter of Brazil. The Cerrado is the world’s most biodiverse tropical savanna. The Palicourea House consists of two buildings: a house and a small studio. One of the family members is a landscape architect who works with native species from the cerrado and with the preservation and recovery of species from the region’s biome. The studio will be her office and will host artistic and educational activities. The project is also an experiment on a way to inhabit the region, considering the specificities of the environment, its context, and the possibilities of a sustainable coexistence.
Each of the buildings is located on one side of the hill, separated from its highest point and 120 meters apart. The buildings were installed at different levels and adapted to the existing topography, slightly suspended from the ground to prevent the entry of small wild animals, minimize land movement, and preserve as much of the existing trees and herbaceous vegetation as possible. A system of stairs and ramps connect the house’s internal and external levels. In the studio, the stairs that connect the internal and external levels are transformed into a grandstand for various presentations and open-air cinema.
The structural system of both buildings is composed of two parts that were built independently: the exposed concrete structure and solid brick walls “core” and the glued laminated wood (Glulam) roof. The aim was to combine local labor and traditional building materials with a large lightweight structure made from reforestation wood, remotely prefabricated, and assembled on site. The concrete and brick core follow a structural grid that allows for variations in internal dimensions for free distribution of the program and adds some parts of fixed furniture to its own structure (such as shelves, grandstand and cabinets in the studio and kitchen, exterior stove, and benches in the house). On the other hand, the wooden roof follows a regular structural pattern. The two parts of each building are structurally independent so that it was not necessary to obtain a high level of precision for the perfect “fit” between them. This made it possible to release the construction work in two parallel work fronts.
The bedroom, home office and bathroom areas in both buildings were treated as an “extended stay area” and were covered with solid concrete slabs that delimit an “air mattress” between them and the wooden roof. This empty area is also an open and naturally ventilated space that promotes greater thermal comfort for the internal spaces right below them and provides space for the distribution of most installations and equipment on the top of it, with easy access. Unlike the bedrooms and adjoining areas, the social living spaces, such as the living room of the house and the studio lounge, are equipped with large, glazed areas, sliding window frames, bug screens and wooden sliding louvers that allow for constant natural ventilation and light. Therefore, these spaces are also the only internal rooms in the buildings where the roof and the core “touch” each other through the large, fixed glass panels. At these points, the wooden roof is also the roof of the indoor environment.
The buildings are equipped with photovoltaic energy systems: it´s a hybrid “E.S.S.” system, which means that it works as an “off grid” system that is also connected to the supply network. This way, when the batteries are charged and when the usage loads are supplied, it “returns” the excess energy to the network.
The roofs of the buildings have a single slope that follow the general topography of each side of the hill. They are interrupted by lines of gutters to collect rainwater. This water is filtered and stored in small tanks at the lowest points of the lot to be periodically pumped by pumps powered by photovoltaic energy to a central reservoir located at the highest point of the lot with the storage capacity of 40.000 liters of rainwater. The Cerrado is limited to two dominant seasons throughout the year, wet and dry. Therefore, the idea is to use rainwater minimize the use of water from the public system throughout the year, mainly during the dry season. Sewage from sanitary basins and kitchen sinks is processed and treated in underground eco-stubs before passing to the soil infiltration tanks.
The Glulam roofs do not directly touch the concrete and masonry core of buildings. For this reason, it was essential that the stability of the wooden structure was autonomously guaranteed. Thus, the roof rests on “triangular bases” that promote the stability of the structure in both directions. Each of the triangular foundation blocks, where the pillars and their tie-rods are anchored, also receive rainwater from the gutters. These blocks have different levels of implantation adapted to the natural stretches of the topography where the studio and the house were built. Thus, each of the 16 wooden pillars of the two buildings (10 pillars in the house and 6 pillars in the studio) have all different lengths.