巴比亚尔犹太教堂
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巴比亚尔是乌克兰基辅的一个公园般的区域，曾经标志着城市的边缘。这里是纳粹政权最严重的大屠杀之一的发生地，1941年9月29日和30日，近35,000名犹太人被德国军队枪杀。在接下来的几周里，又有10万人被谋杀。这场“子弹大屠杀”代表了我们现代时代最可怕的暴行之一。
巴比亚尔最初是一个深谷，地形崎岖。正是这种地形被纳粹利用，使他们能够在不挖掘大规模坟墓的情况下杀死成千上万的人。通过这种大规模的杀戮，创造了一个新的死亡之地。因此，巴比亚尔的土壤可以被视为神圣的。
今天，巴比亚尔内只有少数纪念碑讲述着难以想象的恐怖。巴比亚尔基金会已经开始实施一系列干预措施，以纪念该地点的历史。我们的犹太教堂是这一倡议中的第一座建筑，旨在纪念历史，同时重新建立该地点的犹太人生活。
人们可能会认为，悲剧应该通过阴郁而宏伟的建筑来哀悼。建筑史上充满了这样的纪念碑，但我们选择了不同的方法。我们永远无法通过宏伟的建筑来匹配大屠杀的巨大痛苦。宏伟建筑所传达的明确信息与在巴比亚尔遇难的成千上万独特的声音相悖。我们想到了一个表演性和变革性的结构，可以在这个地点建立一种新的仪式。一个既能纪念又能创造惊奇感的建筑。一个几乎不接触地面的建筑。
犹太人被称为“书之民族”。我们因此想到了立体书。从平面、二维的物体展开成三维的体积。无法抗拒打开它们并感到惊奇的诱惑。当我们在犹太教堂聚集时，类似的事情也会发生：我们打开圣经，通过在会众中阅读这本书，一个新的历史、道德和爱的世界被揭示出来。这个概念似乎是设计的完美起点。
在内部，我们参考了来自乌克兰西部的历史木制犹太教堂。利用它们的装饰，天花板用花朵重现了1941年9月大屠杀开始时可见的星座。一张关于戈兹季茨犹太教堂的历史照片显示了墙上的希伯来文本。这个文本实际上是一个祝福，旨在将噩梦转变为美梦。我们认为，没有比这更适合作为巴比亚尔犹太教堂的主题动机了。这个祝福现在占据了教堂的主墙。巴比亚尔犹太教堂不仅仅是为了纪念过去，还必须开启一个新的未来。它需要成为一个将噩梦转变为美梦的项目。一个庆祝生命之美的项目。
Babyn Yar is a park-like area of Kiev, Ukraine, that used to mark the edge of the city. It is the site of one of the worst massacres of the Nazi regime, when on September 29th and 30th, 1941 almost 35’000 Jews were shot and killed by German troops. Over the following weeks an additional 100’000 people were murdered. A ‘holocaust by bullets’, it represents one of the most terrible atrocities of our modern era.
Originally a deep ravine, Babyn Yar is marked by gorges and a strong topography. It was precisely this topography that the Nazis utilised, by killing thousands of people without having to excavate mass graves. Through the mass killing, a new ground of death was created. The very soil of Babyn Yar can therefore be considered as sacred.
Today, only few memorials within Babyn Yar speak of the unimaginable horror. The Babyn Yar Foundation has started a process of implementing a series of interventions to commemorate the history of the site. Our Synagogue represents the first building within this initiative and is meant to commemorate, but also to reestablish a living Jewish presence on the site.
One might think that tragedy should be mourned through somber and monumental architecture. Architectural history is full of such memorials, but we decided for a different approach. We will never match the monumental suffering of the massacre, through monumental architecture. The definitive message that a monumental building would suggest, stands at odds with the thousands of distinctive voices that perished in Babyn Yar. We thought instead of a performative and transforming structure that could establish a new ritual on the site. A building that commemorates, just as also creating a feeling of wonder. A building that barely touches the ground.
The Jewish people have been called “People of the Book”. We were then thinking of pop-up books. From being flat, two dimensional objects they unfold into three-dimensional volumes. Impossible to resist the temptation to open them and wonder. Something similar happens, when we come together in a synagogue: we open the Bible and by reading the book in congregation, a new world of histories, morals and love is revealed. This concept seemed to be the perfect start for design.
In the interior we reference the historic wooden synagogues from western Ukraine. Using their ornament, the ceiling recreates with flowers the star constellation that was visible the night of September 1941 when the massacre started. One historic photograph of the Synagogue of Gwozdziec was showing a Hebrew text on the wall. The text was in fact a blessing to transform nightmares into good dreams. We thought that there can be no better leitmotiv for Babyn Yar Synagogue. This blessing now occupies the main wall of the synagogue. The Babyn Yar Synagogue cannot only be about commemorating the past, but must also open up a new future. It needs to be a project that turns a nightmare into a good dream. A project that celebrates the beauty of life.