LocHal in Tilburg
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工业遗产的巨人变身公共图书馆
蒂尔堡LocHal的建筑
访问蒂尔堡新近现代化的车站区，游客会注意到城市的一项激动人心的新添：这座于2019年1月正式开放的新公共图书馆，前身是一个机车库——LocHal。经过 intensive redesign，它已被改造成该地区的心脏，成为一个具有独特铁路主题的公共聚会场所。其粗犷的钢结构为各种活动和展览提供了完美的背景。大部分优雅的工业建筑得以保留。通过坚固的新建筑和巨大的纺织屏幕，它被改造成展示中布拉班特图书馆新概念的场所。这里不仅是知识的“消费”地，更是与艺术组织Kunstloc、Brabant C和共享办公设施Seats2Meet等合作伙伴共同“生产”知识的地方。建筑的设计是Civic Architects、Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau和Inside Outside/Petra Blaisse之间密切合作的结果，而工程咨询公司Arup则在可持续性、再利用和声学设计等方面提供了建议。图书馆、各个“实验室”、咖啡馆和办公室的家具由Mecanoo设计。
公共聚会场所
LocHal最显著的特点可能就是它的巨大规模。其占地面积为90 x 60米，高度达到15米，既雄伟又宜人。新图书馆的设计旨在成为一座极为可达的建筑。入口大厅呈现为一个覆盖的城市广场，设有大型公共阅览桌 “兼作讲台”、展览区和咖啡亭。这个广场向上延伸成宽大的台阶，可容纳超过一千名观众作为活动座位。这些台阶通向主建筑，主建筑以巨大的玻璃立面为特色，允许充足的自然光线进入。二楼的走廊和楼梯让游客在浏览书架或使用安静的阅读区时，可以更近距离地观察历史悠久的玻璃墙。再上一层是一个大型阳台，提供城市的全景。
21世纪的图书馆
LocHal重新定义了当今数字时代图书馆的功能。虽然这里有传统“书籍消费者”的常规设施，但新图书馆也提供了丰富的机会来创造新知识。“策展”已变得与书籍本身同样重要：与人类专家的互动提供了更深刻、更丰富的获取知识和信息的方式。这一新角色得到了建筑的支持。除了各种讲座和公共活动的区域外，图书馆还设有多个“实验室”，供访客学习新技能。这些实验室以其独特的设计分布在整个建筑中。其中一个是玻璃立方体，曾是阿姆斯特丹Beurs van Berlage建筑中的音乐厅的一部分。还有食品实验室、文字实验室、数字实验室和遗产实验室。图书馆、各个艺术机构、Seats2Meet以及附近正在建设的Mindlabs新闻学院的聚集，形成了一个多样化的专家群体，将巩固新图书馆概念的成功。此外，建筑的形式确保了馆藏、设施及其使用方式可以适应不断变化的需求。
坚固的装饰
建筑的氛围如同一个富有生产力的知识机构。主结构、各种经过精心保留的原始特征和新添加的部分均使用“诚实”的材料，如黑钢、混凝土、玻璃和木材，广泛应用于大面积表面。纺织屏幕为规模和色彩增添了点缀。主结构决定了建筑的建筑语言，而细节则适应建筑的规模。地板、柱子和楼梯在近距离观察时展现出其独特的纹理，尤其是在阳光下，复杂的窗框和半透明的纺织面板投射出的精致阴影在其上游走。夜幕降临时，建筑“反转”了，内部成为主要的光源：在市中心成为一个诱人的灯塔。此时，内部呈现出剧院的特征，所有表面都沐浴在温暖的光线中。现有材料的瑕疵为LocHal的真实氛围贡献良多。建筑创造了一个巨大的工业环境，适合各种活动。独特的室内设计与独特的装置和配件相结合，为整体视觉体验增添了额外的层次感。
纺织屏幕
在如此开放的空间中，某些活动可能需要较小的规模或一定程度的隐私。因此，Inside Outside设计了六个巨大的纺织屏幕，这些屏幕延伸至天花板高度，既强调了建筑的规模，又定义了独立区域并改善了室内的声学特性。这些屏幕的总表面积达到4125平方米，可以通过计算机系统重新定位。例如，它们可以移动以将Seats2Meet区域与更高的图书馆楼层分开，或在某个楼梯上方创建一个小型半私密的讲堂。最大的屏幕宽达50米，高15米，可以用来遮挡咖啡亭或为其创造完美的背景。当屏幕位于建筑南侧的窗户前时，它们柔化了透过高大玻璃立面洒入内广场的光线。当阳光照射到它们的透明表面时，窗帘变成高高的瀑布，成为宽敞室内景观的一个组成部分。
交织的建筑
新的建筑设计是对原有1932年晚期工业建筑的当代重新诠释，并在此基础上进行扩展。新的视线通过对角线的阶梯式内部景观增强了空间感。柱子、楼层、栏杆和纺织屏幕构成了空间系统内的“宏大手势”，直接向上、向后和向侧面延伸，呼应了过去的工业过程。原有的铆接柱被保留，并与更抽象形式的大型支撑结构相结合，划分出它们所创造的侧走道。
室内风格的变化
室内设计采用了多种独特的概念，为各种活动 “如会议、合作或安静阅读” 创造不同的环境。特征鲜明的原始元素与橡木、钢材以及红色和橙色的色调相结合。咖啡亭的装饰采用红色、棕色和金色陶瓷砖。三张巨大的桌子以火车“底盘”的形式设计，位于原有的轨道上。它们不仅是酒吧区域的延伸，还可以推在一起形成一个舞台或走秀，周围的台阶为观众提供座位。巨大的工业柱子通过添加木桌和照明被重新利用，成为阅读和学习区域。图书馆的藏书被安排在大型可移动书架上，营造出现代书店的宜人氛围。此外，还有一个儿童图书馆，其设计灵感来自于蒂尔堡附近的童话主题公园De Efteling。年轻的访客可以在巨大的故事书中漫游，浏览形状如彩色铅笔和尺子的书架。
自适应技术
LocHal设计的技术方面基于分阶段的方法，尽可能利用现有建筑的可能性，仅在绝对必要时进行添加。最终形成的结构充分利用了原有楼层和梁的承重能力，毕竟这些结构是为支撑重型机车而设计的。某些限制条件支撑了结构工程概念和安装技术。某个区域的人工气候控制程度完全取决于其功能，采用了“加热人，而不是空间”的原则。五个独立气候区的巧妙系统确保了物理改动的最小化。正是这种思维方式使得LocHal建筑能够转变为一个大型可用空间，而不是在其中构建体量或完全替换它。
专家设计团队
各个设计方面是相互依存的。许多公司和个人参与其中，各自贡献其特定领域的专业知识，以创造出一个杰出的设计。该项目的建筑师通过设计竞赛选出，获胜的方案由三家公司的合作提交。Civic Architects作为公共建筑的领先专家，与以改造工业遗产而闻名的Braaksma & Roos联手，以及在室内和景观设计方面拥有丰富经验的Inside-Outside/Petra Blaisse。设计团队得到了工程咨询公司Arup的支持。图书馆、咖啡馆、实验室和办公室的室内装置由Mecanoo设计。Inside Outside设计的六个纺织屏幕由蒂尔堡纺织实验室编织，并由Theatex和Seilemaeker公司生产。Seats2Meet区域的室内设计则在Fontys应用科技大学建筑学学生的参与下进行设计。实施阶段的主要承包商是Binx，在VDNDP Architects的指导下进行工作。
A colossus of industrial heritage becomes public library
The architecture of the LocHal in Tilburg
Visitors to Tilburg’s newly modernized station district will notice an exciting addition to the city: the new public library which was officially opened in January 2019. A former locomotive shed - the ‘LocHal’ - has undergone an intensive redesign to become the beating heart of the district. It has been transformed into a public meeting place with a distinct railway theme. Its rugged steel structure provides the perfect backdrop for all manner of events and exhibitions. Much of the elegant industrial building has been conserved. With the addition of robust new architecture and huge textile screens, it has been transformed to showcase the new concept of Midden Brabant Libraries. It is a place in which knowledge is not only ‘consumed’ but produced by partners such as the arts organization Kunstloc, Brabant C and the co-working facilities of Seats2Meet. The building’s design is the result of close collaboration between Civic Architects, Braaksma & Roos Architectenbureau and Inside Outside/Petra Blaisse, while the engineering consultancy Arup advised on aspects such as sustainability, re-use and acoustic design. The furnishing of the library, of the various ‘laboratories’, the café and offices are by Mecanoo.
A public meeting place
Perhaps the most conspicuous feature of the new LocHal is its sheer size. With a footprint of 90 x 60 metres and a height of 15 metres, it is both imposing and inviting. The new library was deliberately designed to be an extremely accessible building. The entrance hall takes the form of a covered city square with large public reading tables (doubling as podia), an exhibition area and a coffee kiosk. This square folds up into broad steps which can be used as event seating for over one thousand spectators. These steps lead up into the main building, notable for its huge glass facades which allow for plentiful daylight. On the second floor, the gallery and stairways allow closer inspection of the historic glass walls as visitors browse the bookcases or make use of the quiet reading areas. One floor higher is a large balcony offering panoramic views of the city.
A library for the 21st century
The LocHal has redefined the function of a library in today’s digital era. While there are the usual facilities for the traditional ‘book consumer’, the new library also provides ample opportunity for the creation of new knowledge. ‘Curatorship’ has become just as important as the books themselves: interaction with human experts offers a deeper, richer way to acquire knowledge and information. This new role is facilitated by the architecture. In addition to various areas for lectures and public events, the library has a number of ‘labs’ (laboratories) where visitors can learn new skills. These labs, with their remarkable design, can be found throughout the building. One is in the form of a glass cube, formerly part of the concert hall in Amsterdam’s Beurs van Berlage building. There is also the Food Lab, the Word Lab, the DigiLab and the Heritage Lab. The clustering of library, various arts institutes, Seats2Meet and faculties of journalism in the nearby Mindlabs (currently under construction) creates a diverse group of experts who will cement the success of the new library concept. Moreover, the form of the building ensures that the collection, the facilities and the manner in which they are used can be adapted to meet changing requirements.
A robust décor
The atmosphere of the building is that of a productive knowledge institute. The main structure, various original features which have been carefully preserved and the new additions make use of ‘honest’ materials such as black steel, concrete, glass and wood, applied over large surfaces. Textile screens add accents of scale and colour. It is the main structure which determines the architectural language, while the details adapt themselves to the scale of the building. Floors, columns and stairways reveal their characteristic textures when viewed at close hand, especially in daylight when the refined shadows created by the intricate window frames and translucent textile panels play upon them. After dark, the building is turned ‘inside out’, as it were, with the interior becoming the main source of light: an inviting beacon in the city centre. The interior then takes on the character of a theatre, with all surfaces bathed in a warm light. The imperfections of the existing materials contribute much to the authentic atmosphere of the LocHal. The architecture creates a colossal, industrial setting for all types of activity. The interior design, with its unique fixtures and fittings, creates an extra layer that adds playful variation to the overall visual experience.
Textile screens
Amid all this openness, certain events and activities may call for a smaller scale or a degree of privacy. Inside Outside has therefore designed six huge textile screens which extend to ceiling height, thus accentuating the scale of the building while also defining separate areas and improving the acoustic properties of the interior. These screens have a total surface area of 4125 m2 and can be repositioned using a computerized system. They can, for example, be moved to separate the Seats2Meet area from the higher library floors, or across one of the staircases to create a small, semi-private auditorium. The largest screens, 50 metres across and 15 metres high, can be used to conceal the coffee kiosk or create the perfect backdrop for it. When positioned in front of the windows on the south side of the building, the screens soften the light that floods through the tall glass facades into the inner square. As the sun hits their transparent surfaces, the curtains turn into tall cascades, becoming integral part of the spacious interior landscape.
Interwoven architecture
The new architectural design is a contemporary reinterpretation of that of the original late-industrial building, dating from 1932, and builds upon the logic of that design. The impression of spaciousness is strengthened by new sightlines across the diagonally stepped interior landscape. Columns, floors, balustrades and the textile screens form the ‘grand gestures’ of the various axes within the spatial system: directly up, behind and to the sides, a reference to the industrial processes of the past. The original riveted columns have been preserved and are joined by large supporting structures in a more abstract form which delineate the side aisles they create.
Variation in interior style
The interior design employs a number of distinct concepts to create different settings for various activities such as meeting, collaboration or quiet reading. Characteristic original features have been combined with oak, steel and a palette of red and orange hues. The coffee kiosk is finished in red, brown and gold ceramic tiles. Three huge tables, designed in the form of a train’s ‘bogie’ (undercarriage), stand on the original tracks. They form an extension to the bar area but can also be pushed together to create a stage or catwalk, with the surrounding steps providing seating for the audience. The immense industrial columns have been repurposed as reading and study areas by the addition of wooden tables and lighting. The library’s collection is arranged on large, movable bookcases to create the inviting atmosphere of a modern bookstore. There is also a children’s library, the design of which draws inspiration from De Efteling, the fairy-tale theme park near Tilburg. Young visitors can wander through giant storybooks and browse bookcases in the form of coloured pencils and rulers.
Adaptive technology The technical aspects of the LocHal design are based on a phased approach whereby the possibilities offered by the existing building are used to the greatest extent possible with additions only where absolutely necessary. The result is a structure which uses the full load-bearing strength of the original floors and beams, which were after all designed to support heavy locomotives. Certain restraints underpinned the structural engineering concept and installation technology. The degree to which an area has artificial climate control depends entirely on its function, whereby the principle of ‘heat the people, not the space’ has been applied. An ingenious system of five separate climate zones ensured that physical adaptations could be kept to a minimum. It was this mentality that made it possible to transform the LocHal building into one large usable volume, rather then building volumes into it or replacing it altogether.
A design team of experts
The various design aspects are very much interdependent. A large number of companies and individuals were involved, each contributing their specific area of expertise to create a single, outstanding design. The architects for the project were selected by means of a design competition and the winning entry was submitted by a partnership of three firms. Civic Architects, a leading expert in public architecture joined forces with Braaksma & Roos (known for its expertise in the transformation of industrial heritage) and Inside-Outside/Petra Blaisse, experts in interior and landscape design with extensive experience in textile-based interventions. The design team enjoyed the support of the engineering consultancy Arup. Interior fixtures and fittings in the library, the café, the laboratories and the offices were designed by Mecanoo. Inside Outside designed the six textile screens which were woven by the Tilburg Textile Lab and produced by the firms Theatex and Seilemaeker. The interiors of the Seats2Meet areas were designed with the input of architecture students at Fontys University of Applied Sciences. Lead contractor for the implementation phase was Binx, working under the guidance of VDNDP Architects.