乔瓦尼·帕斯科利学校
下载所需积分: 5
意大利建筑师奖2020年荣誉提名
在意大利，约70%的40,000所学校建筑是在1975年前建造的。结构老化、抗震安全不足和能源性能差是亟待解决的紧急问题，但同时也是更新教学空间的独特机会。
随着学校越来越被视为新的市民中心，提供图书馆、礼堂和会议空间等优质服务，改造对于城市再生至关重要。
“都灵学校”项目的挑战正是基于这些考虑；该项目由阿涅利基金会和圣保罗公司支持，并与都灵市和学校基金会合作，使我们能够对意大利学校建筑遗产的两个典型案例进行研究，并测试公私合营的有趣原型，以简化程序和优化资源。
帕斯科利学校项目作为对19世纪建筑类型的干预模型，承担着在受保护的历史建筑内引入创新教学的挑战，打破教室与大型空间之间的障碍，使其成为宜居环境。
空间设计发展并丰富了教育项目的雄心。它增强了现有建筑的优势，并识别出其关键问题，此外，它也是想象其他不寻常解决方案的起点，以实现目标并满足未来学生的愿望。
持续的教学需要宽敞明亮的空间、与外界的接触和房间的完全无障碍。建筑为培训项目服务，成为其不可或缺的一部分。学校是一个包容的空间，在这里可以通过游戏学习，并成为儿童和整个社区的一个参考点。
赋予学校强大创新性的最复杂干预措施包括创建屋顶露台、移动入口并创建内部中庭，以及为图书馆设立的夹层。然而，这些干预措施尊重历史建筑，并增强其潜力，这些潜力在多年来的经济干预中被掩盖。空间的改造融入了对建筑的整体重新思考，旨在获得一个面向未来的学校。一个具有现代空间和解决方案的学校，同时保持了在长期活动中标志其建设的特征。
主楼梯是现代学校建筑的一个特征元素，尽管之前因防火分隔而受到影响。通过新设计的外部安全楼梯，能够恢复主楼梯的初始设计。它们实际上成为了分配系统的中心，正如最初设想的那样。主楼梯与夹层和屋顶之间的新连接采用轻质金属走道，因其涂成白色而在楼梯井的背景中几乎消失。所有被封闭的拱门都被解放，代表了初始比例的进一步恢复。
预先存在的技术块以绝对随机的设计与新的服务隔间相结合，连接到楼层并作为固定家具元素处理。
为了恢复一楼走廊的尺寸，之前被一个改变其比例的罗盘完全占据，入口被移动并创建了一个坡道，以克服与街道水平的高度差。同样，在所有用于公共活动的内部走廊中，教室的拱门填充物被消除，取而代之的是固定家具和目前填充的窗户部分。
为了开放和释放历史支撑结构，恢复和修复特征的棋盘式水泥瓷砖有助于恢复分配空间的连续性和宽广感。
体育馆的修复揭示了隐藏多年的天花板；为图书馆建造的夹层使这些细节在一个现代而又富有表现力的空间中得以呈现。
在教室中，天花板被线性楼板取代，稍微与侧墙分离，保留了历史拱顶的可感知性；受损的地板被新的木地板替换，延续了材料的历史使用。
安全楼梯的更换是由于需要为所有楼层提供一致的逃生路线，最终允许对外部空间进行重新组织，虽然不直接供用户使用，但从教室和工作场所以及屋顶露台俯瞰是特权。
新入口和对杜凯萨·乔兰达街立面的修复
该干预涉及将入口移动到杜凯萨·乔兰达街，在那里一个现有的窗户被改造成一个到达人行道水平的门廊。门廊的金属框架采用与立面其他窗户相同的颜色和比例。门是透明的，设有两扇门，上方有一个固定的遮盖。
入口大厅
拆除一个拱顶的部分使得创建一个新的坡道成为可能，以克服人行道与夹层之间的高度差，这个坡道与通往新中庭的台阶侧面交错。原有的罗盘和执行相同功能的楼梯被拆除，取而代之的是一个宽敞且无隔断的环境，使历史建筑的结构再次可读。
在下层，存放圣保罗公司1563基金会档案的地方，坡道的内侧被保留为裸露状态。混凝土坡道的进展构成了画廊的新天花板，清晰地表明了这一干预。
新入口的坡道、台阶和大厅铺设了卢塞尔纳石，而中庭则铺设了竹子地板，并设有两个低矮的体量，分别是接待处和卫生间，这些体量独立设置，以免干扰大型拱顶房间。
体育馆的修复和新图书馆夹层
该干预涉及对体育馆的修复，该空间可以转变为剧院/会议室，原本就在建筑内部。部分古老空间和相邻走廊被用于更衣室和服务区域。由于高度的原因，新的夹层得以插入，并通过窗户进行分隔。拆除假天花板后，历史的拱顶得以显露。
中央楼梯井和连接走道
经过干预后，楼梯井再次成为建筑的中心。实际上，两个外部安全楼梯的建设使其能够在不同楼层的走廊上保持开放，解放了所有之前被封闭的门，并消除了防火分隔。石阶、铁栏杆和木扶手经过清理和修复。金属走道采用白色涂漆的钢栏杆，内侧为防火石膏板，竹地板，精巧地融入楼梯的框架中，连接项目中新开设的楼层与楼梯和电梯塔。
在楼梯的楼层平台上，创建了与水泥地面颜色相互作用的技术块，这些块将所有必要的技术和储存功能作为独立元素进行分组。
主题图书馆和增强内部庭院的玻璃窗
卫生间的移动使得位于建筑两个袖子之间的内角的玻璃区域得以增强。在这个位置，楼层的主题阅读室被设置，与围绕中央楼梯的广泛图书馆概念相连。
对杜凯萨·乔兰达街袖子的截面修改：第二夹层和屋顶露台
该干预改变了面向杜凯萨·乔兰达街的袖子的截面，将斜屋顶改为露台屋顶。这使得从学校的顶层通过中央楼梯可以到达露台。阁楼 “第二夹层“ 在内部庭院上方抬高了一半，专门用于小组工作、办公室和教师空间。新的屋顶板保留了裸露的内侧，与档案入口坡道的情况相同，屋顶板依靠现有的拱门，形成双层的效果。露台采用黄色砂岩，面向内部庭院的立面则覆盖了与立面装饰在色彩上相结合的陶瓷板。空白部分与下方的节奏相呼应。
新的外部安全楼梯
为了为所有现有楼层和新露台提供消防安全服务，该干预计划更换了服务于杜凯萨·乔兰达街袖子的外部紧急楼梯。这是一条金属坡道，周围有一个全封闭的栏杆，形成带状效果，环绕着一个裸露混凝土的中央隔墙。
地板
分配空间的水泥地板得以保留，并在植物通道集中处与新元素相结合。体育馆的原木地板已被修复，而其他地板的损坏则不幸未能保存。因此，决定用工业木地板 “竹子” 替换它们，这在原本不是历史地板的空间和新的逃生通道中已经被假定使用。卫生间和实验室则使用了不同颜色的PVC。入口坡道和连接中庭的楼梯采用卢塞尔纳石，延续了主楼梯的材料。屋顶露台则覆盖了黄色的金色石英岩。
新隔墙
新的隔墙由声学隔音的双层石膏板制成。这些板材与承重墙保持一定距离，始终允许拱门的可读性。在教室与走廊之间，透明玻璃边框的存在进一步增强了这种效果。在一楼和二楼的不同位置，分别设置了可移动的墙体，以便于教室之间的沟通，形成一个大型的统一环境。
悬挂天花板
为了遮掩管道系统并改善声学质量，所有区域都设置了假天花板，走廊、第一夹层的袖子和楼梯井除外。在这些地方，拱顶被清洗并加以展示。除了卫生间和技术房间外，所有假天花板都被处理成悬挂的帆，脱离墙面，以展示支撑结构和上方拱顶的深度。
结构
对建筑抗震脆弱性的评估使我们能够识别出需要改进的薄弱环节。因此，在一些地下砖砌柱上进行了特定的加固干预。螺纹钢筋被隐藏在砖块之间的砂浆中，而入口大厅的砖块则用加固石膏处理。新的结构采用轻质钢筋混凝土建造。连接走道和新的夹层则采用干式施工，使用钢结构和木板。
设备
新的电气系统通过限制下切通道并利用新的假天花板来创建，以尽量不影响承重结构。卫生间大多靠近现有卫生间设置，以优化排水和通风。
至于供暖系统，已连接到区域供热网络，供暖设备和分配立管被更换，尽可能沿用现有通道的痕迹。
机械通风系统仅在第一夹层中存在，尽可能利用承重墙上的凹槽。空气的供给和回流集中在楼层图书馆窗户的立面上，掩盖了技术房间本身。
声学质量的改善
为了改善教室和学校其他房间的混响时间，墙壁和天花板上安装了吸音的美耐板。设置了声学天花板，并结合了一层聚酯纤维。在中庭和入口画廊中，墙壁上也贴有吸音面板，像画作一样装饰。在音乐教室内，系统进一步整合了其他墙面设备，这些设备由木材和合成材料制成，并使用双面轴，外侧反射、内侧吸音，以便在需要时调整声音的不同感知。
颜色和家具
建筑外立面以中性色调进行翻新：白色和深蓝色用于固定家具，反映了棋盘式混凝土地板的颜色。这样，它们与墙壁更好地融合，不会压低建筑的形象。而移动家具则采用学校功能典型的鲜艳色调。
通过这些改造，帕斯科利学校不仅恢复了其历史魅力，还为未来的教育提供了一个现代化、灵活和包容的学习环境，成为社区的一个重要文化和教育中心。
Premio Architetto Italiano 2020. Honorable mention
About 70% of the 40,000 school buildings in the country were built before 1975. The aging of the structures, the inadequacy of seismic safety and the poor energy performances are an emergency to face, but at the same time a unique opportunity to renew the spaces for teaching.
As schools now tend to be considered new civic centers with qualified services such as libraries, auditoriums and meeting spaces, redevelopment is fundamental for urban regeneration.
The challenge of the project "Torino fa scuola" comes from these considerations; the project was promoted and supported by the Agnelli Foundation and the Compagnia di San Paolo, in collaboration with the City of Turin and the Foundation for the School, which allowed us to work on two emblematic cases study of the Italian school building heritage and to test an interesting prototype of partnership between public and private to streamline procedures and optimize resources.
The Pascoli School project acts as a model of intervention on the typology of the nineteenth-century building, taking on the challenge of bringing innovative teaching within the walls of a protected historic building, permeated by structural and cultural constraints, breaking down the barriers of the classroom towards large impressive spaces that become inhabited environments.
Spaces design develops and enriches the ambitions of the pedagogical project. It enhances the strengths and recognizes the critical aspects of the existing building, furthermore it is a starting point to imagine other and unusual solutions, so as to achieve the objectives and fulfill the wishes of future students.
Continuous teaching requires large, bright spaces, contact with the outside, total accessibility of the rooms. The building puts itself at the service of the training project and becomes an integral part of it. The school is an inclusive space where it is possible to learn by playing and it becomes a reference point for children and the rest of the community.
The most complex interventions that give to the school a strong innovation are the creation of the roof terrace, the displacement of the entrance with the creation of an internal atrium and the mezzanine created to house the library. However, these interventions respect historical architecture and enhance its potential, hidden by interventions carried out in the economy over the years. The redevelopment of the spaces has been integrated into a global rethinking of the building, with the aim of obtaining a school projected towards the future. A school with contemporary spaces and solutions, which maintains intact the characteristics that had marked its construction over the long years of activity.
The main staircase is a characteristic element of contemporary school buildings even if previously this was altered by the fire compartmentation. Thanks to the new design of the external safety stairs, it is possible to restore the initial design of the main stairs. They becomes, indeed, the fulcrum of the distribution system, exactly as it was originally thought. The new connections between the main staircase and the mezzanine levels and the roof slab are made with light metal walkways. They tend to disappear against the background of the walls of the stairwell because they are painted white. All the buffered arches are freed, representing a further element of return of the initial proportions.
The pre-existing technical blocks, made with an absolutely random design, are integrated with the new service compartments, joined to the floors and treated as fixed furniture elements.
To restore the dimensions of the corridor on the ground floor, previously occupied entirely by a compass that altered its proportions, the entrance was moved and a ramp was created to overcome the difference in height from the street level. In the same way in all the internal corridors, used for common activities, the infill of the arches towards the classrooms is eliminated, in favor of fixed furnishings and glazed portions on the lunettes, currently filled.
With a view to opening and releasing the historical supporting structure, the recovery and restoration of the characteristic checkerboard cement tiles helps to restore the reading of the continuity and breadth of the distribution spaces.
The restoration of the gym brings to light the coffered ceiling hidden for years by false ceilings; the construction of the mezzanine for the library allows the reading of these details, in a contemporary, and at the same time suggestive, space.
In the classrooms, the ceilings are replaced by linear slabs, slightly detached from the side walls, leaving the historical vaults to be perceived; the compromised floors are replaced with new wooden ones, taking up the historical use of the material.
The replacement of the safety staircase, determined by the need to serve all floors with coherent escape routes, allows, finally, a reorganization of the external space, not directly usable by users, but privileged overlooking from classrooms and workplaces, as well as from the roof terrace.
The new entrance and the restoration of the facade on via Duchessa Jolanda
The intervention involved moving the entrance to via Duchessa Jolanda, where an existing window was transformed into a portal that reaches the sidewalk level. The metal frame of the portal takes up the color and proportions of the frames that mark the other windows on the facade. The door is transparent, with two doors, and is surmounted by a fixed cover.
The entrance hall
The demolition of a bay of vaults allowed to create a new ramp to overcome the difference in height between the sidewalk and the mezzanine floor, which intersects laterally with the steps leading to the new atrium. The compass and the flight of stairs which performed the same function have been eliminated, to create instead a large and partition-free environment, in which the structure of the historic building is readable again.
On the floor below, where the archives of the 1563 Foundation of the Compagnia di San Paolo are located, the intrados of the ramp are left exposed. The progress of the reinforced concrete ramp constitutes the new ceiling of the gallery, denouncing the intervention.
The ramp of the new entrance, the steps and the hall are paved in Luserna stone, while the atrium is paved in bamboo and houses two low volumes, the reception and the toilets, which detach themselves so as not to interfere with the large vaulted room.
The restoration of the gym and the new mezzanine floor for library use
The intervention involved the restoration of a gym room, which could be transformed into a theater / conference room, in a space that was already present inside the building. Part of the ancient space and the adjacent corridor were occupied for the changing rooms and service areas. In correspondence with these, the great height made it possible to exploit a double level with the insertion of a new mezzanine floor, compartmented by windows. The demolition of the false ceilings freed the historic coffered ceiling.
The central stairwell and the connecting walkways
Following the intervention, the stairwell becomes again the fulcrum of the building. In fact, the construction of the two external emergency stairs allows to keep it open on the corridors on the different floors, freeing all previously buffered gates and eliminating the REI compartments . The stone steps, the iron parapet and the wooden handrail have been cleaned and restored. The metal walkways, with white painted steel parapet, the intrados in fireproof plasterboard and bamboo flooring, delicately fit into the frame of the staircase, connecting the new levels opened by the project both with the staircase and with the lift tower .
In correspondence with the landing of the staircase on the floors, technical blocks have been created which interact by color with the cement floor and group all the necessary technical and storage functions as separate elements.
Thematic libraries and the enhancement of the glass window on the internal courtyard
The movement of the toilets allowed to enhance the glazed area located on the internal corner between the two sleeves of the building. In this position the thematic reading rooms of the floor have been placed, conceptually connected to the widespread library, around the central stairwell.
The modification of the section of the sleeve Duchess Jolanda: second mezzanine floor and roof terrace
The intervention changes the section of the sleeve facing Via Duchessa Jolanda transforming the pitched roof into a terrace roof. This makes it accessible from the top floor of the school through the central staircase. The attic floor (second mezzanine floor) was half raised, on the internal courtyard, and dedicated to group work, office space and teacher space. The new roof slab was left with the exposed intrados as in the case of the entrance ramp on the archive, this rests on the existing arches creating a game of double levels. The terrace is in yellow sandstone, the facade that emerges on the internal courtyard is covered with stoneware slabs that bind chromatically to the decorations of the facade. The empty parts pick up the rhythm of the underlying ones.
The new external safety staircase
In order to serve all the existing floors and the new terrace for fire safety purposes, the intervention provided for the replacement of the external emergency staircase serving the sleeve of via Duchessa Jolanda. It is a metal ramp, surrounded by a full parapet with the effect of a band, which wraps around a central septum in exposed concrete.
The floors
The cement floors in the distribution spaces have been maintained, integrating with new elements where the plant passages are concentrated. The original wooden floor of the gym has been restored, while the decay of the other flooring has unfortunately not allowed their conservation. Therefore it was decided to replace them with industrial wooden flooring (bamboo), as it was already been supposed for the spaces where the floor were not original and in the new escape routes. Instead, PVC was used in different colors in the bathrooms and laboratories. The entrance ramp and the staircase that connects to the atrium is made of Luserna stone, taking up the material of the main stairwell. The roof terrace is covered in yellow gold arenite quartz.
The new partitions
The new partitions are made of acoustically insulated double sheet plasterboard. These sheet set back from the load-bearing walls which always allows the reading of the arches. Between the classroom and the corridor the effect is accentuated by the presence of a transparent glass bezel. Three times in a different way, two on the first floor and one on the second floor, movable walls have been inserted to allow the classes to communicate in a large unique environment.
The suspended ceilings
In order to mask off-track systems and to improve the acoustic quality, false ceilings have been created in all areas except for the corridors, the sleeve of the first mezzanine floor and the stairwell. There the vaults have been bleached, enhancing them and showing them off. With the exception of the bathrooms and the technical rooms, all the false ceilings are treated like sails that detach themselves from the walls to leave visible the supporting structure and the depth of the vaults above.
The structures
The assessment of the seismic vulnerability of the building allowed to identify the weak points where to operate to improve its performance. Therefore, specific consolidation interventions were carried out on some masonry masts of the basement. Threaded bars were inserted, hidden in the mortar between the bricks, while the bricks of the entrance hall were treated with reinforced plaster. The new structures were built with lightened reinforced concrete. The connecting walkways and the new mezzanine floor, on the other hand, were dry-constructed with a steel structure and wooden planks.
The plants
The new electrical system has been created by limiting the undercut passages and exploiting the new false ceilings, so as not to compromise the load-bearing structure excessively. The bathrooms were mostly located close to the existing ones, in order to optimize drains and vents.
As for the heating system, already connected to the district heating network, the heating elements and the distribution uprights have been replaced, following where possible the traces of the existing passages.
The mechanical ventilation system, present on the first mezzanine floor only, was built using as much as possible the niches on the load-bearing walls. The supply and return of air were concentrated on the façade of the windows of the floor libraries, which masks the technical room itself.
The improvement of the acoustic quality
In order to improve the reverberation times in the classrooms and in the other rooms of the school, sound-absorbing melamine panels have been applied to the walls and ceilings. Acoustic ceilings have been set up, to which a layer of polyester fiber has been combined. In the atrium and in the entrance gallery, there are also sound-absorbing panels affixed to the walls like paintings. Inside the music room, the system has been further integrated with the insertion of other wall devices, made of wood and synthetic material, and with the use of axes with double surfaces, reflective on the outside and absorbent to the 'internal, which allow you to adjust a different perception of sound when needed.
The colors and furnishings
The building envelope was renovated in neutral tones: white and dark blue were used for the fixed furnishings, which reflect the colors of the checkered concrete floor. In this way they integrate more with the walls and do not weigh down the image of the building. The mobile furnishings, on the other hand, are in colored tones typical of the school function.