帕伊米奥结核病疗养院
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【帕伊米奥结核病疗养院】位于芬兰西南部的帕伊米奥，由建筑师阿尔瓦·阿尔托设计。这座建筑于1932年竣工后，迅速在芬兰国内外获得高度评价。该建筑最初专用于结核病治疗，直至1960年代初被改建为综合医院，现为图尔库大学医院组成部分，并已被提名列入联合国教科文组织世界遗产名录。
阿尔托在1929年赢得该项目设计竞赛后获得委托。虽然该建筑代表阿尔托职业生涯的"现代主义"时期，遵循了勒·柯布西耶提出的现代主义建筑原则 “如带状窗、屋顶平台、机械美学”，但也孕育了阿尔托后期转向综合设计手法的种子。例如，主入口的云雾状雨棚造型，与当时老一辈现代主义建筑师的设计截然不同。
阿尔托与妻子艾诺共同设计了疗养院全部家具与室内。部分家具 “尤其是帕伊米奥椅” 至今仍由Artek公司生产。阿尔托的设计初衷是让建筑本身成为疗愈过程的参与者，他称这座建筑为"医疗仪器"。例如病房设计尤为考究：通常容纳两名患者，每人配备专属储物柜与洗脸盆。阿尔托设计了防溅水盆，避免洗漱时相互干扰。考虑到患者长期卧床，灯具被设置在视线之外，天花板采用舒缓的深绿色以减少眩光。每张病床配有壁挂式储物柜，便于底部清洁。
在早期，结核病唯一已知"疗法"是在空气清新、阳光充足的环境中静养。因此建筑每层病房尽端设有日光浴阳台，虚弱患者可连床推出；康复期患者则可前往顶层阳光平台。由于患者通常需住院数年，医患间形成了独特的社区氛围——阿尔托在设计中考虑了这种需求，配置了公共设施、小教堂、员工宿舍，甚至规划了穿越周边森林的散步路线。1950年代，手术成为辅助治疗手段，阿尔托为此增建了手术楼。随着抗生素的应用使结核病近乎绝迹，该建筑最终转型为综合医院。
Paimio Sanatorium is a former tuberculosis sanatorium in Paimio, Southwest Finland, designed by architect Alvar Aalto. The building was completed in 1932, and soon after received critical acclaim both in Finland and abroad. The building served exclusively as a tuberculosis sanatorium until the early 1960s, when it was converted into a general hospital. Today the building is part of the Turku University Hospital. The sanatorium was nominated to become a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Aalto received the commission to design the building after winning an architectural competition for the project held in 1929. Though the building represents the ‘modernist’ period of Aalto’s career, and followed many of the tenets of Le Corbusier’s pioneering ideas for modernist architecture (e.g. ribbon windows, roof terraces, machine aesthetic), it also carried the seeds of Aalto’s later move towards a more synthetic approach. For instance, the main entrance is marked by a nebulous-shaped canopy unlike anything being designed at that time by the older generation of modernist architects.
Aalto and his wife Aino designed all of the sanatorium’s furniture and interiors. Some of the furniture, most notably the Paimio chair, is still in production by Artek. Aalto’s starting point for the design of the sanatorium was to make the building itself a contributor to the healing process. He liked to call the building a “medical instrument”. For instance, particular attention was paid to the design of the patient bedrooms: these generally held two patients, each with his or her own cupboard and washbasin. Aalto designed special non-splash basins, so that the patient would not disturb the other while washing. The patients spent many hours lying down, and thus Aalto placed the lamps in the room out of the patients’ line of vision and painted the ceiling a relaxing dark green so as to avoid glare. Each patient had their own specially designed cupboard, fixed to the wall and off the floor so as to aid in cleaning beneath it.
In the early years the only known “cure” for tuberculosis was complete rest in an environment with clean air and sunshine. Thus on each floor of the building, at the end of the patient bedroom wing, were sunning balconies, where weak patients could be pulled out in their beds. Healthier patients could go and lie on the sun deck on the very top floor of the building. As the patients spent a long time—typically several years—in the sanatorium, there was a distinct community atmosphere among both staff and patients; something which Aalto had taken into account in his designs, with various communal facilities, a chapel, as well as staff housing, and even specially laid out promenade routes through the surrounding forest landscape. In the 1950s the disease could be partly dealt with by surgery and thus a surgery wing, also designed by Aalto, was added. Soon after, antibiotics saw the virtual end of the disease, and the number of patients was reduced dramatically and the building was converted into a general hospital.